Tinjauan Literatur Sistematis dan Pengembangan Kerangka Konseptual Kecerdasan Buatan sebagai Agen Pedagogis dalam Model Pembelajaran Inovatif
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52436/1.jpti.2149Keywords:
Agen Pedagogis, Kecerdasan Buatan, Kerangka Konseptual, Model Pembelajaran Inovatif, Tinjauan Literatur SistematisAbstract
Pemanfaatan kecerdasan buatan dalam pendidikan berkembang pesat seiring meningkatnya penggunaan generative AI, chatbot, dan intelligent tutoring system dalam berbagai lingkungan belajar. Namun, kajian yang secara khusus memetakan fungsi AI sebagai agen pedagogis dalam model pembelajaran inovatif masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis bentuk peran pedagogis AI, pola integrasinya dalam pembelajaran, serta implikasinya terhadap luaran peserta didik. Metode yang digunakan adalah Systematic Literature Review dengan kerangka SPIDER dan alur seleksi PRISMA. Data diperoleh dari basis data Scopus dengan batasan artikel penelitian tahun 2024–2026. Dari 259 artikel awal, 59 artikel melalui penilaian teks lengkap, 34 artikel dieliminasi, dan 25 artikel dianalisis menggunakan thematic analysis. Hasil sintesis menunjukkan bahwa AI digunakan dalam berbagai fungsi pembelajaran, antara lain sebagai tutor, pemberi umpan balik, mitra dialog, pendamping belajar, fasilitator, simulator, asisten akademik, dan agen berbasis afeksi. Integrasi tersebut ditemukan pada pembelajaran personal, adaptif, dialogis, kolaboratif, simulatif, mandiri, dan imersif. Luaran yang dilaporkan mencakup peningkatan hasil belajar, kemampuan pemecahan masalah, keterampilan bahasa, motivasi, keterlibatan, regulasi diri, metakognisi, dan kepercayaan diri. Selain itu, studi ini mengidentifikasi tantangan berupa ketergantungan pada AI, risiko melemahnya berpikir kritis, bias algoritmik, privasi, dan kebutuhan orkestrasi peran guru-AI. Penelitian ini menawarkan kerangka konseptual integratif untuk memahami AI sebagai penguat praktik pedagogis dalam ekosistem pembelajaran yang adaptif, etis, dan kontekstual. Meskipun demikian, hasil sintesis ini terbatas pada artikel penelitian yang terindeks Scopus dan dipublikasikan pada periode 2024–2026 sehingga interpretasi dan generalisasi temuan perlu dilakukan secara hati-hati.
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